(Photo: CSR Website)

CSR’s Synergy is one of the world’s first Bluetooth v3.0-ratified products

CSR9000 now powered by Bluetooth v3.0 for high speed file transfer

CSR today announced that its Synergy wireless systems software is one of the world’s first products qualified to the newly ratified Bluetooth v3.0 standard. Synergy operates at the heart of CSR’s Connectivity Centre products, including the successful CSR9000 product, which features Bluetooth and Wi-Fi alongside several other technologies. Bluetooth v3.0 offers a number of significant enhancements, including the potential for hugely increased speed and faster reactions to changing radio conditions.

Bluetooth v3.0, adopted today, features 802.11 a/b/g AMP (Alternative MAC and PHY). AMP is featured in CSR’s Synergy and CSR9000, and allows Bluetooth to conduct high-speed, power-efficient file transfer in co-operation with IEEE 802.11. When a Bluetooth device needs to transfer a large file, CSR’s Synergy AMP has the ability to wake up the IEEE 802.11 radio to transfer files. Not only does this provide faster transfer times, but can also allow Bluetooth to transmit large files between devices using the most efficient radio technology available.

Bluetooth v3.0 also features support for Enhanced Power Control, which optimises the transmit power used in a connection even when a phone and a headset are suddenly moved apart from each other, or the phone is placed into a pocket. This not only lengthens battery life, but ensures that important phone calls are not lost.

“CSR has always worked very closely with us in establishing the future of Bluetooth standards,” said Michael Foley, Ph.D., executive director of the Bluetooth SIG. “CSR continues to stay abreast of the latest developments in Bluetooth, and has constantly demonstrated an ability to develop this versatile and useful technology in interesting new directions. Synergy is a highly innovative piece of systems software and we’re delighted to be able to qualify it as one of the first Bluetooth v3.0 products.”

“Bluetooth v3.0 marks the next stage in the evolution of Bluetooth,” explained Matthew Phillips, Senior Vice President for CSR’s Handset Business Unit. “By combining the low power standby and familiar user experience of Bluetooth with the fast data-rates of IEEE 802.11, users can enjoy the ability to easily share files in a tenth of the time it currently takes. With music, picture and video files all increasing in size, there is strong demand for a high speed wireless solution for peer-to-peer and sideloading use-cases. We’ve been demonstrating our Bluetooth high speed technology behind closed doors to our tier one customers for nearly a year and the response has been good. There is definitely an appetite for this type of solution.”

Raj Gawera, Vice President of Marketing for CSR’s Handset Business Unit, added, “Optimising Bluetooth protocol layers to operate at vastly increased speeds requires strong host software; something CSR has wrapped up with its innovative Synergy architecture. Another challenge is to ensure that Bluetooth and Wi-Fi do not interfere with each other. CSR is already recognised by its customers as the leader in advanced Bluetooth + Wi-Fi coexistence schemes. We know these areas are where our competitors struggle. CSR expects to have the highest performance implementation of Bluetooth high speed.”

CSR’s Synergy features in several of CSR’s recently launched products, including CSR9000, which offers Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth low energy, GPS and FM Rx/Tx. As the software behind such a comprehensive product, CSR’s Synergy not only complies to the Bluetooth v3.0 spec and supports all Wi-Fi variants, but also offers support for additional technologies such as Bluetooth low energy, FM and GPS.

About CSR
CSR is the leading global provider of personal wireless technology and its product portfolio covers Bluetooth, GPS, FM and Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11). CSR offers developed hardware/software solutions, based around its silicon platforms, that incorporate fully integrated radio, baseband and microcontroller elements.

CSR’s customers include industry leaders such as Apple, Dell, LG, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Panasonic, RIM, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TomTom and Toshiba.

CSR has its headquarters and offices in Cambridge, UK, and offices in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, India, France, Denmark, Sweden and both Dallas and Detroit in the USA.

More information can be found at www.csr.com

OpenFeint(TM) to Select 100 Paid Games for User Based Cross Promotion With “One Touch iPromote(TM)”

Top Indie Developers Behind Trism, Boulder Dash, Pocket God, Radio Flare Rally to Endorse OpenFeint(TM)

Aurora Feint Inc., the company that launched a series of award winning social RPG puzzle games for the iPhone(TM), today announced a breakthrough new social medium for discovering and selling games called One Touch iPromote(TM) in OpenFeint V1.5 being released Tuesday, April 21.

One Touch iPromote follows on the heels of the successful introduction of twenty-one OpenFeint V1.0 enabled games now live in the App Store(TM), and the success that OpenFeint developers are already achieving using their own users to promote the discovery and sales of their applications. One hundred paid games will be selected in the next two weeks for cross promotion to audiences of dozens of OpenFeint Enabled games including Pocket God, Aurora Feint and Chillingo. Registration is open for developers at www.openfeint.com and Version 1.5 client source code is available for download under LGPL.

Indie Developer Endorsements

Indie developer Andrew Borland is excited to announce that his games have seen “a 40-60 increase in sales across the board” since releasing with OpenFeint V1.0.

Steve Demeter, owner of Demiforce and famed creator of the classic iPhone hit Trism, recently signed an agreement to integrate OpenFeint into Demiforce iPhone titles. Aurora Feint approached Demiforce suggesting the deal a few weeks after Demiforce had independently announced it would not be pursuing a game services platform dubbed Onyx. “The Aurora Feint crew has accomplished a great task with OpenFeint, bringing a number of social features to the iPhone. To top it off, it’s easy to use and integrates seamlessly. We look forward to seeing what OpenFeint does for the iPhone development community.”

Dave Castelnuovo, co-creator of the mega-hit application Pocket God who integrated OpenFeint recently said that OpenFeint enhances the sense of community within the game and, “From a developer’s perspective OpenFeint gives us a powerful way to meet and interact with fans. OpenFeint is a great opportunity for indie developers to get the benefits they would have with a publisher while retaining their autonomy.”

“In a very cluttered App Store it is necessary to stay afloat. While adding great features to your games, OpenFeint also provides a valuable means of cross promotion between quality apps,” noted Fares Kayali, co-creator of the popular iGF finalist game Radio Flare.

“One Touch iPromote is yet another innovation by the OpenFeint team and we are excited to announce that the upcoming classic Boulder Dash® Vol. 1 for the iPhone will be integrating and releasing with v1.5 of OpenFeint,” said Chris Byatte, co-founder of publisher Chillingo, on behalf of First Star Software Inc.

Indie developer Rahul Saraf was the first developer to have his OpenFeint application Virtual Stock Market Lite approved in the App Store and is thrilled that “social gaming features that would have taken weeks to build and set up with back-end servers and hosting took two hours with OpenFeint and no server work at all.”

Product Update: One Touch iPromote(TM) and How it Works

OpenFeint V1.0 already supports Facebook(TM) and Twitter(TM) identities, leaderboards, chat rooms and category-based “Feint Lobbies.” OpenFeint currently supports three Feint Lobbies each of which represents a set of game categories from the App Store. Whereas chat rooms are for users of a specific game only, each Feint Lobby is like a town hall where users from any OpenFeint enabled game can show up and interact with each other about their favorite games. In a Feint Lobby, each user is represented by a username tagged with the OpenFeint enabled application name the user was playing before entering the Lobby.

OpenFeint V1.5 is being released April 21, with One Touch iPromote now allowing a user to simply touch a username, gamename in a Feint Lobby to reach a description/screenshot of the game which in turn can be selected buy the game in the App Store.

“With the number of applications in the App Store exceeding 20,000, the challenge for indie developers to get their games noticed is immense,” said Danielle Cassley and Jason Citron, co-founders of Aurora Feint. “OpenFeint gives our fellow indie developers a way to let their users go to category lobbies to meet other users discussing their favorite applications. Each user is represented by their screen name and application name, so each user becomes a billboard, a discovery point, and often a recommendation/selling agent for a developer’s application.”

One Touch iPromote is based on a revenue sharing model for sales that occur through OpenFeint. OpenFeint Platform Services such as leaderboards, chat rooms, lobbies, profiles and newsfeeds continue to be free for free games, and MAU based for paid games.

Four weeks ago, Aurora Feint announced dozens of applications supporting the launch of OpenFeint 1.0. The following games based on OpenFeint 1.0 are now live in the App Store:

Virtual Stock Market by Rahul Saraf
BoomDice by MachWerx
VOID by Alex Wayne
Radio Flare by Studio Radiolaris
Radio Flare Lite by Studio Radiolaris
Triple Card Poker by Andrew Borland
Symbolism by Andrew Borland
Ultimate Hold’em Poker by Andrew Borland
iCanSketchIt by Andrew Borland
Crazy 4 Card Poker by Andrew Borland
Colorblind by Andrew Borland
Hi-Lo by Andrew Borland
Ride It Out Poker by Andrew Borland
Bug Bounce By Cocoa Touch Games
Cloud Girls by Cocoa Touch Games
Entangled by Bridger Maxwell
Fetch! by Phil Zigoris
iGo by Phil Zigoris
Dessert Dilemma by Cocoa Touch Games
Pocket God by Bolt Creative
Caribbean Stud Poker by MobiltyWare

“OpenFeint is clearly emerging as the defacto social gaming platform of choice for indie developers,” said Peter Relan, Chairman of Aurora Feint. “One Touch iPromote brings something absolutely critical to iPhone developers, and those who don’t take advantage of it are likely to fall behind in discovery and sales of their apps relative to those who do.”

Note: Aurora Feint(TM) is a trademark of Aurora Feint Inc., Facebook(TM) is a trademark of Facebook, Twitter(TM) is a trademark of Twitter Inc., iPhone(TM) and AppStore(TM) are trademarks of Apple Computer, MySpace(TM) is a trademark of MySpace.

Jumptap and ad:tech Launch Jump2Mobile — Mobile Advertising Immersion Giveaway

Mendelsohn Zien Advertising for Carl’s Jr. Announced as Prize Winner; Living Case Study Results to Be Presented at ad:tech New York Conference

Jumptap, the leading mobile advertising solutions provider, and ad:tech expositions, the leading conferences and exhibitions organizer for the global marketing community, today announced a joint initiative to offer a free mobile advertising immersion program worth over $55,000 to attendees at the MobileMix conference, co-located at ad:tech San Francisco. Speaking to a standing room only crowd attending the “Mobile Advertising Myth Busters: It’s Easier Than You Think!” session, Jumptap CMO, Paran Johar announced the details of the promotion. Johar engaged listeners with an entertaining overview of the tools, standards, scale, and ease of mobile advertising while attendees texted in to the shortcode ADTECHJT to enter.

At the conclusion of the presentation, Jumptap and ad:tech announced Mendelsohn Zien Advertising’s client Carl’s Jr. as the lucky winner to receive the free mobile advertising package. Carl’s Jr. will present results from the first living case study at ad:tech New York being held at Javits Center in New York City starting November 4, 2009.

The total-immersion program includes:

– Strategic counsel and creative planning to deliver a campaign with one million free ad impressions across the Jumptap Premium Mobile Ad Network,

– Free campaign on tapMatch, Jumptap’s recently announced pay-per-click (PPC) mobile performance marketplace,

– Full featured, media-rich mobile site for consumer interactivity, including streaming video, content downloads, tell a friend and viral/UGC components, image galleries and product information from iLoop Mobile,

– Mobile AdInsights(SM) ad effectiveness study that measures consumer awareness, message association and purchase intent provided by InsightExpress, a leading digital marketing research firm.

“More and more brands recognize they need to get in front of the highly engaged and rapidly growing mobile audience with targeted and relevant advertising,” said Paran Johar, CMO of Jumptap. “This program not only gives one brand the ability to try it, but their shared experiences will give others real-life insight about the ease and effectiveness of mobile advertising.”

The goal of the program is to showcase the ease in launching a mobile marketing campaign and demonstrate the overall effectiveness of mobile advertising. Results will include a comprehensive case study presentation, including lessons learned when developing mobile campaigns and a mobile site. The study will compare mobile versus online advertising including budgets, media planning, creative units, ease of execution and response rates. The effort is designed to broaden the conversation around the use of mobile as a viable marketing platform.

“MobileMix was designed for marketers, agencies and technology companies wanting to break into, or already invested in, mobile marketing,” said Warren Pickett, content director for ad:tech. “As the event explores the opportunities that mobile offers as a consumer engagement tool, we are excited to have partnered with the leading mobile advertising provider to deliver the opportunity to our attendees to see firsthand how a living case study unfolds.”

About Jumptap
Jumptap is the global leader in mobile advertising solutions, providing superior performance and premium advertising solutions that run across the highest quality premium mobile ad network. Jumptap leverages its search technology and 16 operator relationships to deliver the most advanced targeting intelligence for advertisers seeking the highest return on investment from their campaigns while helping publishers and application developers maximize advertising revenue from their mobile properties. We enable carriers to maintain a profitable position in the advertising ecosystem by securely leveraging their data assets to build targeted user profiles. For more information, visit www.jumptap.com.

About ad:tech
ad:tech expositions, LLC is the leading organizer of conferences and exhibitions for the interactive marketing community worldwide. ad:tech produces the world’s largest interactive marketing events held in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, London, Paris, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo. ad:tech is produced by dmg world media; based out of the company’s headquarters in Larkspur, California. For listings of exhibitors, speakers, events and upcoming conference offerings, visit www.ad-tech.com.

About iLoop Mobile
iLoop Mobile is the leader in mobile technology and services for interactive mobile marketing and mobile content distribution. iLoop Mobile makes it fast and easy for brands, agencies, direct marketers, content owners and other companies to create compelling and effective mobile phone initiatives worldwide. iLoop Mobile’s platform offers an integrated self-service SAAS solution for creating and managing all types of SMS marketing/messaging, mobile Internet sites, mobile enabled Web sites, IVR, mobile advertising and many other mobile initiatives. Professional services and mobile marketing expertise are also available for companies looking for assistance with their mobile campaigns.

InsightExpress
InsightExpress is a leading provider of high-quality, digital marketing research and plays a preeminent role in the measurement of advertising effectiveness across online, mobile and other media. Through its patented technologies, proprietary solutions, world-class expertise and time-tested research principles, InsightExpress transforms the way advertisers, agencies, publishers and researchers optimize their marketing activities. InsightExpress is headquartered in Stamford, CT, with offices in San Francisco, New York, and Los Angeles. For more information, visit www.insightexpress.com or call 203-406-3233.

Apache Design Solutions Introduces Totem, the Industry’s First Power and Noise Integrity Platform for Analog and Mixed-Signal Designs

Apache Design Solutions, the technology leader in power and noise integrity for chip, package, and system convergence, today announced Totem, the industry’s first integrated power and noise integrity platform that addresses the challenges associated with global couplings of power/ground noise, substrate noise, and package / PCB capacitive and inductive noise, for analog, mixed-signal, memory, and high-speed I/O designs. Totem is a comprehensive platform that incorporates transistor-level noise injection, parasitics extraction, package modeling, dynamic analysis, and design debug in a single-flow environment.

Totem’s key technology is based on the concurrent analysis of noise propagation through the power delivery network, substrate network, and package/PCB parasitics. It accurately analyzes noise coupling effects at every time-point using a single-kernel solver. This advanced technology enables designers to account for all global noise impacts on their designs, a critical challenge for post submicron mixed-signal SoCs.

Totem is a full-chip layout-driven analysis solution integrated with existing analog environments. It provides cross-probing of analysis results with industry standard circuit design tools for efficient debugging, fixing, and optimization. Designers can use Totem for early stage prototyping to guide their power network and package design. In addition, Totem can be used for chip sign-off and post-silicon debug.

Accurate Power/Ground Noise Analysis with Full-chip Capacity

The accuracy of power noise analysis is critical for functionality, timing, and reliability of analog designs. Totem incorporates transistor-level power model with voltage de-rated switching current technique, and SPICE-accurate decoupling capacitance extraction. In addition, impact of package and board effects is included through the support of broadband S-parameter package and PCB models.

Totem delivers the capacity required for standalone DRAM, Flash, and CMOS image sensors, as well as embedded memory macros. It leverages RedHawk-NX’s mesh pattern recognition (MPR) extraction technology and multi-core simulation engine to handle hundreds of millions of transistor designs overnight.

Totem also offers simulation-based electro-migration (EM) validation for power and signal nets. It supports both Root Mean Square (RMS) and Peak current EM checks, which are critical for advanced process nodes, in addition to conventional average current-based methods.

“The ability to verify power, noise, and reliability of our full-chip DRAM design within a reasonable time is critical to our tape-out success,” said Seong-Kwan Hong, Ph.D., vice president of R&D from Hynix. “Apache’s Totem enabled us to perform dynamic analysis within a day and produced results that closely correlated to our SPICE simulation. We are very impressed with Totem’s product quality and how easily it integrated into our production flow.”

Substrate Noise Coupling (SE)
Increasing power density and higher speed of digital components creates significant noise injection into the substrate. Furthermore, limited die real estate is impacting the effectiveness of the guard-ring structure for analog macros. Accurate substrate noise analysis is critical to high performance mixed-signal and Radio Frequency (RF) designs.

Totem’s Substrate Noise (SE) technology includes extraction of the substrate network for advanced process technologies such as triple wells and various guard-ring structures. SE also provides concurrent time-domain simulation of the substrate network, power/ground mesh, and package parasitics. SE accounts for full-chip SoC substrate noise effect by directly interfacing with RedHawk to obtain accurate substrate injection signature of all digital components.

Substrate impact on analog circuitries can be analyzed using SPICE simulation with SE’s back-annotated circuit netlist including the noise waveform. This allows analog and RF designers to accurately determine the magnitude of substrate coupling effects.

“At smaller process nodes, analog circuitries become highly susceptible to power induced noise failures, a critical challenge for mixed-signal designs, especially with high performance digital blocks such as embedded processors. To ensure silicon success, we need robust circuit design techniques to mitigate substrate noise coupling,” said K. Tsuboi, senior manager from STARC. “We used Totem with SE technology to correlate its simulation results with the on-chip substrate noise measurement data. Totem is a critical part of the mixed-signal design flow to analyze the effectiveness of the noise prevention techniques.”

RedHawk, Sentinel, and Totem Eco-Platform
Apache’s power and noise integrity eco-platform for chip-package-system convergence includes RedHawk SoC, Sentinel package/PCB, and Totem analog and mixed signal platforms. After the validation of analog IPs, Totem can generate accurate and efficient Component Macro Model (CMM) for RedHawk top-level SoC analysis. CMM provides various levels of IP protection schemes, and can be used as a hand-off model for IP vendors to their customers.

For chip-package co-design, Totem also generates the widely adopted Chip Power Model (CPM) for standalone memory and analog components. CPM can be used directly in the Sentinel platform to perform package- and board-level power and signal integrity analyses with consideration of accurate on-die noise.

“The introduction of Totem noise integrity platform is an important milestone for Apache as the industry recognizes the challenges of global power and noise for chip, package, and system. The analog and mixed-signal contents in SoC and system designs are rapidly increasing and increasing the risk of noise induced failures across the system,” said Andrew Yang, CEO of Apache. “Apache’s dedicated focus to deliver the ‘best-in-class’ analysis solutions enables our customers to address their relentless demand for cost reduction and risk mitigation as their design complexity and process technology continue to scale.”

Pricing and Availability
Totem is available now with the list price starting at $250,000 USD.

About Apache Design Solutions
Apache delivers the industry’s leading global power and noise analyses platform solutions for Chip-Package-System convergence. Apache’s innovative platforms address the unique power and noise challenges associated with specific design domains such as SoC (digital), analog and custom IP, and System (IC package, SiP, PCB), while providing a co-analysis environment that integrates the SoC and System worlds. From early-stage to sign-off, Apache’s products are adopted by over 100 customers including 90% of the top IDM, fabless semiconductor, and foundries for cost reduction, risk mitigation, and time-to-market improvements. Apache is a global company with over 150 employees and R&D centers and direct sales / support offices worldwide. For more information, visit www.apache-da.com.

Apache Design Solutions, CMM, CPM, NSPICE, RedHawk, PakSI-E, PsiWinder, Sahara, Sentinel, Totem, and Vectorless Dynamic are trademarks of Apache Design Solutions, Inc.

ClearSight Networks Announces Secured, Highest Performing Network Data Capture Appliance with Latest High-Speed, Stream-to-Disk and Advanced Encryption Technologies

Network Time Machine™ Network Recorder is First to Leverage 6 Gb/s SAS Storage Technology; Data Intensive Networks Gain Expanded Performance and Capacity

ClearSight Networks, a worldwide provider of application and analysis tools for dynamic networks, today announced the industry’s first long-term network recorder based on 6 Gb/s (Gigabit per second) SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) drive technology, the fastest mechanical disk technology available in the industry. The ClearSight Network Time Machine™ (NTM) has always been designed around the RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) standard to maximize capture performance; now using 6 Gb/s SAS drive components, ClearSight’s network recorders are now able to capture and warehouse massive amounts of network data faster and more securely than any other solution in the marketplace.

As network traffic volumes continue to escalate, the disk technologies that have traditionally been used to store captured network information are being pushed closer to their capacity and speed limits. With enterprise deployments increasing the speed and volume of data they can transfer, it becomes critical for network and application management tools to support these data-intensive, highly-demanding environments. By transitioning to 6 Gb/s SAS storage technology well before market adoption of this specification takes place, ClearSight enables the highest network performance.

“The ClearSight 6 Gb/s SAS-based NTM delivers unparalleled performance, security and reliability,” said Andrew Armstrong, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Spirent Communications. “Using Spirent TestCenter, the industry-leading test solution for performance benchmarking, we were able to validate that this new ClearSight NTM is able to deliver capture performance substantially higher than the current generations of network recorders built around the slower 3 Gb/s SAS or Serial ATA (SATA) drive standards. This represents a remarkable achievement.”

ClearSight’s NTM provides support for all deployed Ethernet data rates, including 10 Gb/s, which further enables data center consolidation and virtualization. Now, with the use of 6 Gb/s SAS technology, the high capture rates and large storage capability of the NTM product will continue to keep pace with these newer networks. This new NTM will also leverage the encryption capabilities of 6 Gb/s SAS drive technology that uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Customers that use the NTM will be reassured to know that even the most sensitive of captured network data is guarded against theft and unauthorized access.

“Leveraging our extensive network recorder experience, ClearSight continues to push the limits of high-speed network capture and stream-to-disk technology — such as 6 Gb/s SAS — and we are pleased to provide our customers and the marketplace with the highest performing network recorder available today,” said Steve Wong, VP of Marketing, ClearSight Networks. “Offering unprecedented new capabilities, the new 6 Gb/s SAS-based NTM raises the bar for next generation network recorders with the Data at Rest (DAR) hardware encryption feature representing another industry first for a product in this category.”

For customers that are interested in evaluating the NTM with 6 Gb/s SAS drive technology, please contact ClearSight Networks at 510-824-6000 or sales@clearsightnet.com. General product availability is scheduled for the second half of 2009. Early adopter versions are also available for purchase on a first-come, first-served basis.

About ClearSight Networks
ClearSight Networks (www.clearsightnet.com) was founded in 2001 and has received numerous awards for product ingenuity, creativity, ease-of-use and real-time information. In particular, ClearSight has received the Network World Fusion award for the Best VoIP Monitor and Analyzer, the Internet Telephony’s 2008 Product of the Award and the prestigious Frost and Sullivan Most Innovative Technology award. Headquartered in Fremont, California, ClearSight Networks can be reached at 510-824-6000.

About Spirent Communications
Spirent Communications (www.spirent.com) is a global provider of integrated performance analysis and service assurance systems that enable the development and deployment of next-generation networking technology such as Internet telephony, broadband services, 3G wireless, global navigation satellite systems, and network security equipment. Spirent Communications’ solutions are used by more than 1,700 customers in 30 countries, including the world’s largest equipment manufacturers, service providers, enterprises and governments. Based in Sunnyvale, CA, Spirent Communications has 1,500 employees worldwide.

Spirent Communications plc Ordinary shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange (ticker: SPT). The Company operates a Level 1 American Depositary Receipt (“ADR”) programme with each ADR representing four Spirent Communications plc Ordinary shares. The ADRs trade in the US over-the-counter (“OTC”) market under the symbol SPMYY and the CUSIP number is 84856M209. Spirent Communications’ sales to the United States government are made through Spirent Federal Systems Inc. www.spirentfederal.com.

ClearSight, ClearSight Apex, ClearSight Cronos, Network Time Machine, Network Time Machine Atlas and Network Time Machine Express are trademarks of ClearSight Networks. All other names mentioned are trademarks, registered trademarks or service marks of their respective owners.